Click to Read The Classic of Mountains and Seas

Mythical Animals in Chinese Culture

Ancient Creatures in the Classic of Mountains and Seas

Some ancient, mythical animals were documented in the book named The Classic of Mountains and Seas, which was believed written by Yu the Great, founder of the first empire, the Xia Dynasty (about 2070 BC — 1600 BC) in the history of China.

Yu the Great visited many places in China, led people defeated the huge flood, and had conquered many evil monsters.

As an exceptional king and a true hero, he also recorded those interesting clans that he had been to, and many mythical creatures living there.

Ancient and Mythical Animals in Chinese Culture

Mythical Animals and the Their Meanings in Chinese History

Gradually, more mythical animals were discovered and documented, in folk legends or historical notes.

Since Flame Emperor (Yan Di) and Yellow Emperor (Huang Di), to Confucius, to Dong Zhongshu who officially promoted the Divine Right of Kings in 134 BC, it is always believed that appearances of lucky animals are representatives of good monarch and excellent governance, vice versa.

Therefore, those auspicious animals are widely used in clothes, jewelry, decoration, architecture and literature throughout Chinese history.

There are four most miraculous, benevolent and auspicious animals in ancient Chinese culture, the Dragon (variable), the Phenix (knowledgeable), the Qi Lin (honest), and the Turtle (divine).

Dragon

In Chinese culture, there are many types of dragons. Most of them are brave, powerful, variable, insightful, invincible, smart and care about human beings.

They are in charge of the wind, thunder, rain in the sky, and rivers, seas and lakes in the earth.

Dragon Ying Long

Ying Long lies in the middle of the sky (Read the Other Four Mythical Animals Guarding on the Sky), and is the representative of earth in the Five Elements.

It controls wind and rain, and is superior than other mythical animals. Therefore, the images of yellow dragon were strictly and exclusively used by emperors in the history.

In ancient books, Ying Long had helped Yellow Emperor (Huang Di) and Yu the Great, and made distinguished contributions in defeating enemies and huge flood.

Unlike other dragons in China, Ying Long has two wings, and later were evolved into colorful clouds.

Dragon Zhu Long

According to The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Mount Zhong is located in an extremely frigid place in the north. On top of this mountain, a powerful dragon named Zhu Long, or the Dragon of Zhu, is living there.

Zhu Long has an over 500 kilometers long snake-shaped red body with a human’s head. He is in charge of the transformation of time and weather.

This dragon never eats or sleeps. He brings daytime by opening his eyes, and takes darkness to the earth when his eyes are closed. His inhalation means the winter is coming, while exhalation brings the summer to the world.

Dragon Chi Long

Chi Long was originally an animal from the sea, then after years of magical cultivation, they became one type of dragon which looks like a gecko with no horns.

The marine origin made Chi Long a good fighter against the fire. So images of Chi Long were widely used on the roof of ancient Chinese buildings to protect houses from fire.

Unlike other strong and powerful dragons, Chi Long is closer to people’s daily lives, which made it is the symbol of lucky, happy, romantic relationships and good career. So it’s image was widely used in people’s clothes, accessary and decorations.

Dragon Jiao Long

In Chinese mythical culture, animals like fish and snake are possible to transform into dragons, if they have a dragon’s blood, or did remarkably good things like having saved people's lives, or run into some special opportunities.

However, this transition takes a long time (hundreds or thousands of years); they also need to face the risk of being influenced or destroyed by other species or people.

At the end of the transition, there will be a final thunder test: if they survived after having hit by the thunderstruck, they would fly to the sky and became a real immortal dragon. Otherwise, they would be burnt to death immediately.

Jiao Long is the name of the animal in the transition before the final thunder test, so Jiao Long has scales, and looks half snake and half dragon. They cannot fly, but they could swim incredibly fast and cause huge flood.

Dragon Qiu Long

There are many different versions with regard to Qiu Long’s looks, but the consensus is that Qiu Long is the baby or the teenager dragon.

Dragon Pan Long

Pan Long has black skin and is over 13 meters long; it usually coil on the ground or swim in the rivers or seas. Pan Long is venomous, but could bring rain to the drought places.

In ancient Chinese buildings, Pan Long is widely coiled in pillars and beams, meaning to protect people living inside from any types of injury.

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Phenix

Phenix is a big, colorful bird with miraculous power, whose feather constituted five Chinese Characters: virtue, righteousness, courtesy, benevolence and faith.

Phenix lives in Phenix trees, eats fresh bamboo, and drinks from fresh springs. It never live in a group, nor go to dirty, chaotic places.

During King Huang and King Shun’s reigns, it had been noted that a Phenix had appeared to the secular world, to show the excellent governance and peaceful world that these kings brought people.

Kings of the Shang Dynasty also believed that they were the descendants of Phenix.

Gradually, Phenix was exclusively used by female members of the royal family, especially the Queen. Nowadays, it is the representative of beautiful, brave and intelligent women in Chinese culture.

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Qi Lin

Qi Lin appeared in Chinese history relatively late. Around 2500 years ago, Qin Lin was documented together with Confucius.

When Confucius was born, a mysterious animal showed up and left a book made of jade, writing that this baby is the reincarnation of the son of the God of Water, who is morally qualified as a king but won’t be one.

This animal has the elk’s body, lion’s head, deer’s horn, tiger’s eyes and ox’s tail.

When Confucius was old and run into a Qi Lin during hunting, he said that he would stop writing and leave the world soon.

Qi Lin, Qi refers to male ones and Lin refers to female ones, is always considered as one of the luckiest and happiest mythical creatures in China. Qi Lin is beautiful, mild, powerful, and never attack people.

People believe that Qi Lin can defeat bad luck, and bring cute babies to couples who had prayed for one. So it is widely used in decoration and clothes, to pray for intelligence, longevity, happiness, good fortune or beautiful babies.

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Turtle in Chinese Culture

When Yellow Emperor (Huang Di) was in a big war with another powerful clan, a turtle carrying a board, on which had Xi Wang Mu’s magical spells, came out of a river. The magical info on this board then helped King Huang won the war in the end.

The turtles have various formats on their shells, and can live for a very long time, therefore, they were considered as the representatives of longevity, firm, grateful and loyal.

The turtle shells, on the other hand, were widely used in the divination activities in ancient China, when people could read and decode the cracks after burning their shells.

Other Ancient & Mythical Animals

Mythical animal Teng She the flying snake

Teng She and Bai Xi

Long time ago, Goddess Nv Wa had created tens of thousands of human beings and made the world alive.

Soon, however, she felt lonely and then made two mythical creatures based on her own appearance: Teng She was a male snake who could fly, while Bai Xi was a female snake with human's top.

These two were very brave and loyal, and had assisted Nv Wa defeated many other evil monsters to protect human beings.

In one version of Nv Wa's legend, she sacrificed herself to fill up the broken sky; Teng She and Bai Xi followed her and sacrificed as well. Together, they protected human being and brought the world peace again.

In another version which Nv Wa successfully fixed the broken sky and vanished from the secular world, Teng She and Bai Xi went with her, as always.

Though their ending is quite mysterious, Teng She then became an important mythical creature in the Taoism Religion' s divination.

Jiao Ren

Jiao Ren, a group of half-human and half-fish, mythical creatures, are living in the South China Sea.

They are very good at weaving and could produce beautiful waterproof textiles. Their tears are precious pearls and their grease could burn for tens of thousands of years.

According to some legends, inside the mysterious grave of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, which was protected by the Terra Cotta Warriors, many lights were made of Jiao Ren’s everlasting burning grease.

Jiu Wei Hu

Jiu Wei Hu is a type of fox that has beautiful white fur and nine tails, who howls like a newborn baby and eats people.

According to some sayings in Chinese mythology, eating Jiu Wei Hu’s flesh can protect the predator from any kinds of poisons.

Over 4000 years ago, a Jiu Wei Hu once assisted Yu the Great, the founder of the Xia Dynasty, to meet his beloved queen.

Since then, Jiu Wei Hu has become the representative of love, happiness and prosperity in ancient Chinese culture.

Around 1000 years ago, people started to believe that Jiu Wei Hu could transform into a beautiful woman to seduce man for different purposes, such as getting the human’s energy or lives, or sometimes they just fell in love with someone and wanted to have a romantic relationship in the secular world.

Pi Xiu

According to Chinese mythology, Pi Xiu has a dragon’s head and tale, and a lion’s body. They fly in the sky, guarding the heaven day and night.

Therefore, they are the representative of powerful, invincible army.

Also, Pi Xiu eats everything, but never excretes, which made it respected as a wealth patron saint in Chinese culture.

Till now, people who pray for fortune and protection will wear, or set a Pi Xiu shaped decoration nearby.

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Gong Fu

Gong Fu is the son of a dragon and another animal, so it looks half-dragon and half-shrimp, and could hold a large amount of water in his stomach

Gong Fu lived in heaven in the beginning, but was banished into a river and was repressed under a huge turtle shell after he had made a mistake. A thousand years later, he was released from the shell, but could never come back to heaven anymore. During this period, he had protected human from huge flood and evil monsters for several times.

Gradually, more and more people carved his image on bridges and big drainage systems to honor him, hoping that he could continue protecting human beings.

Xiang Liu

Xiang Liu, a very cruel monster fed on human flesh, had a snake’s body and nine heads. It would spray bitter, spicy and fatal water, which turned many places into venomous and disgusting swamps.

Many people had been killed, and a large amount of land had been destroyed by its massive poisonous water.

Therefore, the founder of the Xia dynasty, the Yu the Great, killed Xiang Liu with the help of Ying Long and other dragons.

But Xiang Liu’s body and blood were still poisonous, even after it had died. So, Yu the Great buried its body into a large pond in the north of the mysterious Mount Kunlun, and built a magical building next to it, which was designed to suppress and frighten other evil monsters.

Kun Peng

Kun Peng was first documented and described by great Taoism philosopher Zhuang Zi, or Chuang Tzu, in his masterpiece.

Kun was originally a huge whale living in the sea, but centuries later, it transformed into an incredibly enormous bird named Peng. The bird then flew over many places and kept flying toward the mysterious holy land.

It is a purely poetic mythical creature who had never hurt or come close to human; it only shows up occasionally near the sea throughout history.

Kun Peng is, therefore, considered as a symbol of great ambition, because of its beautiful transformation and wonderful journey.

Chong Ming

Chong Ming has two eyeballs in each eye; it looks like a colorful rooster and howls like a phoenix.

In addition, it is very helpful to human being, who could scare aggressive animals and evil monsters away, using its magical howling as a weapon.

Gradually, people carve or paint Chong Ming’s images on roofs or doors to pray for protection.

Nowadays, some families in China still use Chong Ming’s image as door god or decoration, praying for good luck and happiness.

Kui

Kui is a mythical animal that was born in the heaven. Kui has only one leg and howls like thunder. It can glow like sunlight and always showed up along with big storms.

It is said that there were three Kuis in total. The first Kui was caught by King Huang Di, who made a battle drum using Kui’s skin.

The king’s enemies were seriously shocked and frightened by the drum’s sound, most of their soldiers lost their minds and then failed soon.

The second Kui was caught by Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor in the history of China who built the Great Wall and Terra Cotta Warriors.

The third and last Kui, now is still unknown.