Xu or 许 - The Roots of Chinese Surnames: Exploring Heritage and History
The Xu (许) surname, one of the most prominent and historically rich surnames in China, has two primary and legendary origins, each deeply rooted in Chinese history and culture.
These two branches of the Xu family carry with them stories of wisdom, virtue, and resilience that have been passed down through generations.
Xu You: The Virtuous Sage
The first origin of the Xu surname traces back to Xu You, an ancient sage renowned for his exceptional wisdom and high moral character.
According to legend, Emperor Yao (about 2377 BC — 2259 BC), a revered ruler of ancient China, grew old and, impressed by Xu You’s virtue, decided to abdicate the throne in his favor.
However, Xu You, steadfast in his resolve to avoid power and lead a humble life, declined the offer.
Instead, he retreated to the mountains, where he chose to live a simple, secluded life, sustained by farming.
Xu You’s rejection of power became a symbol of his dedication to his personal principles, and he is remembered as a model of wisdom and humility.
Later, Emperor Yao, hoping to persuade Xu You to return to public life, invited him to become the governor of the Nine Provinces.
Once again, Xu You refused.
In a symbolic act of rejecting the political offer, he washed his ears in the river, signaling that he would not listen to the call of power or worldly matters.
Xu You’s actions and his commitment to a life of integrity have cemented his legacy as the earliest historical figure associated with the Xu surname.
He is honored as the founding ancestor of the Xu family and remains a revered figure in Chinese culture.
Wen Shu: The Founder of the State of Xu
The second origin of the Xu surname traces back to Wen Shu, a descendant of the legendary Yan Emperor.
Wen Shu played a crucial role in the overthrow of the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC — 1046 BC) and the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC — 256 BC).
His military and political contributions were recognized by King Cheng of Zhou (? — 1021 BC).
During the early Zhou period, King Cheng granted Wen Shu lands in a region called Xu, thereby founding the state of Xu.
From that time forward, Wen Shu became known as Xu Wen Shu, and his descendants carried on the Xu surname.
The state of Xu was one of the important states in the Central Plains, maintaining close ties with the Zhou royal family.
The rulers of Xu played an active role in supporting the Zhou Dynasty, including assisting King Ping of Zhou (? — 720 BC) to ascend the throne during the early Eastern Zhou period.
Their involvement in political events helped strengthen the Zhou Dynasty and solidify its power.
The Decline of the State of Xu
Over time, however, the Zhou royal family’s power began to weaken.
As the Zhou Dynasty's control diminished, the state of Xu faced increasing pressure from more powerful neighboring states.
The rulers of Xu were often forced to migrate in search of safety and stability.
Eventually, in 481 BCE, during the Warring States period, the state of Xu was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu.
Following the fall of the state, the people of Xu adopted the surname Xu and dispersed across the regions, carrying their heritage and legacy with them.
Enduring Legacy of the Xu Surname
From these two distinct and legendary origins, the Xu surname grew in prominence over time.
Individuals with the Xu surname have made significant contributions in various fields, including literature, science, politics, and military affairs.
Many scholars, philosophers, poets, and scientists with the Xu surname have shaped Chinese culture and left a lasting impact on society.
Alongside these notable figures, countless common people who carried the Xu surname also played vital roles in the development of Chinese culture.
Whether through their labor, contributions to local communities, or participation in historical events, they helped ensure that the legacy of the Xu surname endured across centuries.
Today, the Xu surname remains one of the most common and respected surnames in Chinese communities worldwide.
It symbolizes humility, wisdom, resilience, and a profound connection to Chinese heritage.
Those who bear the Xu surname continue to honor the values of their ancestors, carrying forward a rich legacy that stretches back thousands of years.
